UNRoD is a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly of the United Nations and operates under the administrative authority of the Secretary-General at the site of the United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV) which provides administrative and logistical backstopping.

UNRoD's mandate is to serve as a record, in documentary form, of the damage caused to all natural and legal persons concerned as a result of the construction of the Wall by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem. UNRoD is not a compensation commission, claims-resolution facility, judicial or quasi-judicial body.

UNRoD's Office, which was established following the appointment by the Secretary-General of the three independent members of the Board and its Executive Director in 2007, is fully operational with 19 staff members comprising 10 Professional staff, and 9 General Service staff. To fulfil its mandate, UNRoD undertakes outreach activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory to inform potential claimants of the existence and purpose of UNRoD and the procedure for filing a claim for registration of damage. UNRoD also assists claimants in completing the official UNRoD Claim Forms, and collects completed Claims Forms for processing in Vienna.

UNRoD receives, processes and reviews claims from any natural or legal person who has sustained material damage or loss as a result of the construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. UNRoD's three-member Board has the ultimate authority to decide, based on criteria established by it, whether or not a loss or damage claimed is to be included in the United Nations Register of Damage.

On 7 October 2022, Secretary-General appointed three international experts as members of the Board:

- Vladimir Goryayev (Russian Federation)
- Mariana Salazar Albornoz (Mexico)
- Jeremy K. Sharpe (United States)

United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres announced on 21 April 2023 the appointment of Mr. Leonid Frolov (D2) as Executive Director of the Office of the United Nations Register of Damage caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (UNRoD) in compliance with the provisions of General Assembly resolution A/RES/ES-10/17 (2007).

By 15 December 2024 - 73,872 claim forms for registration of damage and more than one million supporting documents had been collected. Claim-intake activities had been carried out in all nine affected governorates: Tubas, Jenin, Tulkarm, Qalqilya, Salfit, Hebron, Ramallah, Bethlehem and Jerusalem.
As of 15 November 2024, the Board of UNRoD reviewed and decided on 45,135 of the collected claims.